Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Graves‘ disease following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of the reported cases

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characteristics of the included studies.

Article Snippet: Different vaccines have been used widely against COVID-19 including: COMIRNATY (the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 by BioNTech–Pfizer); COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna (mRNA-1273 by Moderna); VAXZEVRIA (ChAdOx1-nCoV19 by AstraZeneca-Oxford University); COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen (Ad26.COV2.S by Janssen); and CoronaVac COVID19 vaccine (Vero cell by Sinovac Biotech) ( , ).

Techniques: Infection, Analogues

Journal: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Article Title: The Storage and In-Use Stability of mRNA Vaccines and Therapeutics: Not A Cold Case

doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of the nucleotides found in natural and in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA molecules. While natural mRNA contains uridine, IVT mRNA instead may contain modified pseudouridine to increase the safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines.

Article Snippet: At that time, mRNA vaccines against several other viral pathogens had already been tested for safety in clinical trials., Representatives from BioNTech, CureVac and Moderna shared their experiences with manufacturing, quality control as well as nonclinical and clinical aspects in the development of these clinical candidates.

Techniques: In Vitro, Modification, Vaccines

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antigen-specific immunogenicity of novel TB mRNA vaccines. (A) Immunisation schedule, created with BioRender.com. Groups of CB6F1 mice were vaccinated twice with one of five single antigen mRNA vaccines (m-Single) administered at 5 μg per dose, or an equal mix of all 5 antigens (m-Mix) for the same total dose (1 μg each antigen). Immune responses in the spleen and blood were quantified four weeks post-boost. (B, C) Flow cytometric analysis of IFNγ expression by (B) CD4+ T cells or (C) CD8+ T cells in the spleen, in response to stimulation by relevant antigens listed on x-axis. For clarity, only statistically significant comparisons are shown. (D, E) Heatmaps demonstrate the proportion of triple cytokine-secreting IFNγ+ TNFα+ IL-2+ (D) CD4+ or (E) CD8+ T cells, in response to stimulation by antigens listed on horizontal axis. (F-J) Sera was analysed by ELISA for endpoint IgG titres to (F) PPE15, (G) ESAT6, (H) EspC, (I) EsxI, or (J) MetE. L.O.D. indicates “limit of detection” for minimum calculable endpoint titre; values under L.O.D. were arbitrarily assigned half the L.O.D. value. Each symbol represents response from 1 animal, n=6 per group. (B, C, F-J) Horizontal bars, or (D, E) colour intensity, indicate median. Statistical significance was determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, selected comparisons displayed only.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Immunopeptidomics, Vaccines, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protective efficacy of novel TB mRNA vaccines against aerosol Mtb infection. (A) Immunisation schedule and experimental schematic, created with BioRender.com. Mice vaccinated with m-Single (5 μg), or m-Mix (5 μg total), were infected 4 weeks post-boost, whilst BCG-vaccinated mice were infected 7 weeks post-vaccination. (B, C) Mtb colony forming units (CFU) in the (B) lungs and (C) spleen of CB6F1 mice, 4 weeks after infection with low-dose aerosol Mtb. Each symbol represents the bacterial load in 1 animal, n=8 per group. Horizontal bars indicate median. Statistical significance determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, selected comparisons displayed only.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Vaccines, Aerosol, Infection

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of TB mRNA vaccine immunogenicity when applied as a boost to BCG. Groups of CB6F1 mice were vaccinated with BCG, and after 10 weeks rest, relevant groups were vaccinated twice with single antigen mRNA vaccines (m-Single) or an equal mix of all 5 antigens (m-Mix). Four weeks post-boost, immune responses in the spleen and blood of all animals were quantified. (A, B) Flow cytometric analysis of IFNγ expression by (A) CD4+ or (B) CD8+ T cells in the spleen, in response to stimulation by relevant antigens listed on x-axis. For clarity, only significant statistical comparisons between the naïve group and m-Single groups, or m-Mix, are shown. (C, D) Heatmaps demonstrate the proportion of triple polypositive IFNγ+ TNFα+ IL-2+ (C) CD4+ or (D) CD8+ T cells, in response to stimulation by antigens listed on horizontal axis. (E-I) Sera was analysed by ELISA for endpoint IgG titres to (E) PPE15, (F) ESAT6, (G) EspC, (H) EsxI, or (I) MetE. L.O.D. indicates “limit of detection” for minimum calculable endpoint titre; values under L.O.D. were arbitrarily assigned half the L.O.D. value. Each symbol represents response from 1 animal, n=6 per group. (A, B, E-I) Horizontal bars, or (C, D) colour intensity, indicate median. Statistical significance determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, selected comparisons displayed only.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Immunopeptidomics, Vaccines, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protective efficacy of novel TB mRNA vaccines, when delivered as a boost to BCG. (A) Immunisation schedule and experimental schematic, created with BioRender.com. BCG-vaccinated mice were allowed 10 weeks rest, before boosting with two doses of m-Single (5 μg), or m-Mix (5 μg total). Infections were performed 4 weeks post-boost, or 17 weeks post-BCG vaccination. (B, C) Mtb colony forming units (CFU) in the (B) lungs and (C) spleen of CB6F1 mice, 4 weeks after challenge with low-dose aerosol Mtb . For clarity, only the statistical comparison between naïve and BCG groups are shown, although all mRNA vaccine groups were significantly reduced relative to naïve. Each symbol represents response from 1 animal, n=8 per group. Horizontal bars indicate median. Statistical significance determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Vaccines, Aerosol, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protective efficacy of heterologous administration of viral vector and mRNA vaccines against TB. (A) Immunisation schedule and experimental schematic, created with BioRender.com. BCG-vaccinated mice were infected 7 weeks post-vaccination, whilst all other vaccine groups were infected 4 weeks post-boost. (B, C) Mtb colony forming units (CFU) in the (B) lungs and (C) spleen of CB6F1 mice, 4 weeks after challenge with low-dose aerosol Mtb . Each symbol represents response from 1 animal, n=8 per group. Horizontal bars indicate median. Statistical significance determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, selected comparisons displayed only.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Vaccines, Infection, Aerosol